The calibration process consisted of installing the sun position sensor on the photovoltaic system and calibrating it perpendicular to the surface of photovoltaic system. The sensor was tested with 50000–70000 lumen. The results revealed that the solar tracking error was of 5° with a maximal FOV of 90°.
Its main advantages were that the noise and temperature variation considered in the design and the control system. It was reported that the accuracy of this sun position sensor is 0.1° (3 σ) with a FOV of 90 ° × 90 °. Fig. 36. Sun position sensor constructed by Delfi Space Company . 6. Solar tracking direction
To analyse the sensor, the authors used the ray tracing simulation from TracePro. The results showed that the tracking accuracy was of 0.1°. The disadvantage of this sensor was that the user has to pre-calibrate the sensor before being used. Fig. 5. Sun position sensor constructed by Burhan et al. (A) Operation principles and (B) Prototype.
The sensor was designed to measure the Sun's position by comparing the current of each photodiode. Moreover, the author included an algorithm with astronomical formulas to track the sun when the solar radiation was ≤ 400 W / m 2.
The architecture of the solar PV monitoring system can be divided into three levels, namely, the data acquisition level, the data processing level, and the data display and storage level, as illustrated in Figure 3 .
A novel design of solar position sensor for tracking PV system was designed by Wang et al. . The design was composed by four-quadrant light dependent resistor (LDR) sensor, differential amplifier, comparator and simple electronic circuits. This sensor measured the Sun's position using the difference of voltages by means of a comparator.
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