Moreover, overcharge also has a significant effect on the mechanical properties of the cell components. Overcharge reduces the ductility of the separator, weakening its tensile strength. The shedding of the active materials leads to a decrease in the tensile strength of the cathode, and the yield phase becomes more pronounced.
Cell voltage is considered as an external manifestation of the complicated electrochemical reactions inside a Li-ion battery. Therefore, the evolution of cell voltage during overcharge process will be analyzed in detail in the following paragraphs.
This means that overcharge significantly reduces the cell conductivity. The change in charge transfer resistance is also very significant. The size of the arcs in the high- and mid-frequency parts increases sharply as the overcharge level increases. This indicates that the migration of lithium ions between the anode and cathode is more difficult.
Firstly, the fully-charged cell is overcharged to thermal runaway under adiabatic conditions. the cell voltage and temperature are obtained during the overcharge process, as shown in Fig. 1 B. In this work, the entire overcharge process is divided into four stages based on the cell characteristic voltages.
Besides, it can be found that the self-heating temperature of the Ca-Ele reaction decreases continuously with the overcharge level increasing, which is consistent with the DSC test results of the cathode-electrolyte. This further confirms that the thermal stability of the cathode continues to decrease with overcharging.
Zhang et al. [31, 32] found that with the overcharge level increasing, the self-heating temperature decreased, reflecting the cell safety decreasing. Liu et al. found that the cell thermal stability decreased gradually as lithium-ion batteries aged with slight overcharge cycling.
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The cell with the lowest voltage level tends to be overdischarged, a commonly underestimated type of electrical abuse. Different aged state cells are tested with forcible discharge to analyze the overdischarge hazard for the degraded cells.
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