Recycling of PV comprises repairing, direct reuse, and recycling of materials chemically and mechanically from different types of decommissioned photovoltaic modules. The top five countries in solar production are China, Taiwan, America, Japan, and Germany, and all other countries have a huge demand for photovoltaic modules .
First solar has a complete recycling and solar PV manufacturing system whereby, the materials recovered from the PV recycling processes and further reused for manufacturing. The state of Washington altered the renewable energy incentives of the state to include the collection and handling of PV waste.
According to the first solar recycling brochure , the first step is a physical disintegration or shredding and hammer milling. In this process, the cells are broken into smaller fractions by destroying the lamination bonds.
In this process, the solar cells, and interconnectors removed by optical sorting, including the polymers are incinerated or sent to waste-energy plants. Aluminum, copper, and glass, which are the main outputs of the recycling process, are recovered at more than 85 % of weight (cumulative yields).
Solar World , a solar PV manufacturing company in Germany suggested the following recycling method: The modules are heated at 600 °C to obtain solar cells, metals and glass. These three components are further separated manually. The solar cells are re-etched in a chemical process to wafers, while the metals and glass are recycled.
The recycling of photovoltaic modules can be segmented into two steps. In the first step the solar cell is separated from the glass and EVA layer. In the second step the solar cell is refined by removing the metallization portion, ARC layer, and p-n junction.
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