The conduction in the n-type semiconductor is because of the free electrons denoted by the pentavalent impurity atoms. These electrons are the excess free electrons with regards to the number of free electrons required to fill the covalent bonds in the semiconductors.
As the flow of current through the crystal is constituted by free electrons which are carriers of the negative charge, therefore, this type of conductivity is known as negative or n-type conductivity. The electron-hole pairs are formed at room temperature.
An n-type semiconductor is created by adding impurities like antimony, arsenic, or phosphorus to a pure semiconductor. This process, called doping, increases the number of free electrons, which become the majority carriers and primarily carry the electrical charge.
As the negatively charged electrons mainly involve in charge transferring through this semiconductor, it is referred to as negative type or n-type semiconductor. The majority charge carriers in an n-type semiconductor are electrons. Although there are plenty of free electrons in the crystal, still it is electrically neutral as the total number of protons and the total number of electrons are equal.
In an n-type semiconductor, free electrons are called majority carriers. The number of free electrons is the sum of electrons due to the breakdown of covalent bonds and electrons created by the fifth valence electrons of impurity atoms.
N-type semiconductors remain electrically neutral despite having many free electrons. This is because the total number of protons equals the total number of electrons. Before understanding what an n-type semiconductor is, we should focus on basic atomic science.
Unit 1 Mechanism of Conduction in Semiconductors | PPT
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