Capacitors of today have very small losses and are therefore not subject to overload due to heating caused by overcurrent in the circuit. Overload of capacitors are today mainly caused by overvoltages. It is the total peak voltage, the fundamental and the harmonic voltages together, that can cause overload of the capacitors.
Given that the capacitor can generally accommodate a voltage of 110% of its rated voltage for 12 hours a day, this type of protection is not always necessary. Overcurrent of long duration due to the flow of harmonic current is detected by an overload protection of one the following types:
Overvoltage can alter the capacitance value of a capacitor. The electrical properties of the dielectric material can change under excessive voltage, leading to deviations from the specified capacitance value. This, in turn, affects the performance of circuits relying on the capacitor for accurate timing, filtering, or energy storage.
Since the capacitors mostly are connected in series with a reactor it is not possible to detect overload by measuring the busbar voltage. This is because there is a voltage increase across the re- actor and the harmonic currents causing overvoltages will not in- fluence the busbar voltage.
Excessive voltage can cause the capacitor ‘s casing to crack or rupture, leading to loss of capacitance or complete failure. These mechanical damages not only render the capacitor ineffective but can also introduce electrical instabilities into the circuit. Moreover, overvoltage significantly reduces the lifespan of capacitors.
The capacitor units are designed to withstand 110% of the rated voltage continuously. If this level is exceeded, or if the faulty units capacitance have decreased below 5/6 of the nominal value, the capacitor bank must be taken out of service.
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