Chinese battery companies are flocking to Europe’s booming electric vehicle (EV) market to profit from the European Union’s (EU) ambitious goal to ban all fossil fuel cars by 2035. This year, Chinese companies have raised more money through share sales in Europe than in the U.S. for the first time.
In Europe, Germany is clearly the frontrunner. Though Europe and the U.S. contributed less in battery innovation over the past five years, their participation in international collaborations has increased (from 8.3% to 8.5% for Europe and from 11.8% to 12.4% for the U.S.).
In 2023, the Chinese government extended $809 million in subsidies to EV battery maker CATL (more than double the $401 million it provided in 2022) and $208.9 million to EVE Energy (China’s fourth-largest EV battery producer). From 2018 to 2023, the Chinese government extended a total of $1.8 billion in subsidies to CATL alone.
Underlying this conflict is a growing trade war between China and the EU that has taken the form of domestic policies and multilateral trade agreements that seek to reduce China's dominant role in the production of lithium-ion batteries (Bridge and Faigen, 2022; Chang and Bradsher, 2023; Torjesen, 2024).
The supporting policies promulgated by the Chinese government in recent years, except for battery recycling has a certain degree of continuity and relevance, other supporting policies tend to be more independent, and the relevance of other policies is not enough to promote the development of the battery industry as a whole.
In contrast, China’s rapid rise in battery innovation has been accompanied by a sharp decline in the number of Chinese patents involving foreign collaborations (13.2% to 6.6%). Battery innovation in Japan and Korea is dominated by large companies, while the U.S. is dominated by SMEs and universities or research institutions. 4
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