The amount of multi-Si required to produce crystalline solar cells in 2006 was 11 g/Wp and decreased to 7–8 g/Wp in 2010 ( MIIT, 2012 ). The total electricity consumption to produce 1 kg of multi-Si and the amount of multi-Si required to produce crystalline solar cells in this study were 148 kW h/kg and 6.6 g/Wp, respectively.
The sites reported a production of approximately 300 t/year of multi-crystal silicon, 3.6 × 10 7 m 2 /year of solar glass, 80 MW/year of PV wafer, and 120 MWp/year of PV cell during 2010. The efficiency of the PV cell was 12.7% and the module service life expectancy was more than 25 years.
The photovoltaic (PV) industry has grown dramatically worldwide in recent years, with an average annual growth rate of more than 40% in installed global PV capacity since 2000 (IEA, 2010 ). Approximately 31.1 GW of PV systems were installed worldwide by the end of 2012 (EPIA, 2013).
The FBR holds the potential to become the dominating CVD reactor for production of solar grade silicon since the energy consumption per kilogram of silicon produced is estimated to be in the range of 4-16 kWh/kg [28, 29]; numbers vary depending on the number of steps or energy consuming processes that have been accounted for its calculation.
These results indicate that the PV cell production technology used in the present study is close to the advanced technology employed by the Europe, as shown in Zhai and Williams (2010).
The results showed that more than 25% of overall environmental burden could be efficiently reduced by improving energy efficiency, choosing secondary aluminum for multi-Si production, and reducing multi-silicon wafer consumption for PV cell production.
Comparison of the energy consumption in different production …
Today more than 95% of solar grade silicon feedstock is produced by decomposition of silanes using Siemens, Komatsu or FBR – technology. Metallurgical refined …
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Life cycle analysis of silane recycling in amorphous silicon-based ...
recycling process reduces the cost of raw silane by 68 percent, or approximately $22.6 million per year for a 1 GW a-Si:H-based PV production facility and over $79 million per year for tandem manufacturing. The results are discussed and
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Overview of printing and coating techniques in the production …
The organic photovoltaic cell (OPV) is composed of multiple layers, and some printing and coating techniques are more suitable than others for a certain type of layer. This paper aims to characterize and compare the most relevant coating and printing techniques that can be used in the manufacture of OPVs. Extensive bibliographic research was carried out on …
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(PDF) Life Cycle Analysis of Silane Recycling in …
For entire production process of raw silane, 1,146 MJ are used to create one kilogram. This means that the amount of energy to recycle silane in an a-Si:H PV plant is only 35.7% and in a tandem a-Si:H/μc-Si:H PV plant is even less at …
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21 Pros and Cons of Photovoltaic Cells: Everything …
7. Production of photovoltaic cells generates several toxic substances . As a thin film technology, the production of photovoltaic cells involves the use of a range of toxic chemicals that can harm human health …
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(PDF) Life Cycle Analysis of Silane Recycling in …
Using a recycling process that results in a silane loss of only 17% instead of conventional processing that loses 85% silane, results in an …
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Producing Poly-Silicon from Silane in a Fluidized Bed Reactor
This gure shows the growing importance of the the solar cell industry in the poly-silicon market. Take last year as an example, a total amount of 170,000 metric tons of poly-silicon was produced and 85% was consumed by solar industry while only 15% was consumed by the semiconductor industry. This represents a complete reversal of the situation ...
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Producing Poly-Silicon from Silane in a Fluidized Bed Reactor
Take last year as an example, a total amount of 170,000 metric tons of poly-silicon was produced and 85% was consumed by solar industry while only 15% was consumed by the semiconductor industry.
Learn More
Life cycle analysis of silane recycling in amorphous silicon-based ...
The analysis of the cumulative energy demand results in the recycled silane mixture for an a-Si:H PV facility and a tandem a-Si:H/μc-Si:H PV facility having an impact of 409 and 397 MJ per kg of usable silane, respectively. For entire production process of raw silane, 1146 MJ are used to create 1 kg.
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Solar Cells (Photovoltaic Cells)
Solar cells (or photovoltaic cells) convert the energy from the sun light directly into electrical energy. In the production of solar cells both organic and inorganic semiconductors are used and the principle of the operation of a solar cell is based on the current generation in an unbiased p-n junction. In this chapter, an in-depth analysis of photovoltaic cells used for power …
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Comparison of the energy consumption in different production …
Today more than 95% of solar grade silicon feedstock is produced by decomposition of silanes using Siemens, Komatsu or FBR – technology. Metallurgical refined silicon of solar grade quality...
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Production of PV Modules
The performance of a solar cell is measured using the same parameters for all PV technologies. Nowadays, a broad range of power conversion efficiencies can be found, either in laboratory solar cells or in commercial PV modules, as was shown in Chap. 2; the working principles of solar electricity generation may differ from one PV technology to another, but have a common basis: …
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A Review of Photovoltaic Cell Generations and Simplified …
Abstract Throughout this article, we explore several generations of photovoltaic cells (PV cells) including the most recent research advancements, including an introduction to the bifacial photovoltaic cell along with some of the aspects affecting its efficiency. This article focuses on the advancements and successes in terms of the efficiencies attained in many generations …
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(PDF) Life cycle analysis of silane recycling in amorphous silicon ...
For entire production process of raw silane, 1,146 MJ are used to create one kilogram. This means that the amount of energy to recycle silane in an a-Si:H PV plant is only 35.7% and in a tandem a-Si:H/μc-Si:H PV plant is even less at 34.6% of what it takes to create raw silane, as shown in Figure 2. 5 Cumulative Energy Demand (MJ/kg usable ...
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Producing Poly-Silicon from Silane in a Fluidized Bed Reactor
Take last year as an example, a total amount of 170,000 metric tons of poly-silicon was produced and 85% was consumed by solar industry while only 15% was consumed by the …
Learn More
Life cycle analysis of silane recycling in amorphous silicon-based ...
The analysis of the cumulative energy demand results in the recycled silane mixture for an a-Si:H PV facility and a tandem a-Si:H/μc-Si:H PV facility having an impact of 409 and 397 MJ per kg of usable silane, respectively. For entire production process of raw silane, 1146 MJ are used to create 1 kg. This means that the amount of energy to ...
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Harmful Environmental Impact of the Production Process of Photovoltaic ...
Analysis of manufacture has shown that the production of photovoltaic cells is a complex process that uses a number of chemical compounds whose uncontrolled release into the environment remains inert for the manufacturing process. Today, the photovoltaic industry is struggling with two major problems. The growing market and the increasing product demand …
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Life cycle assessment of multicrystalline silicon photovoltaic cell ...
The amount of multi-Si required to produce crystalline solar cells in 2006 was 11 g/Wp and decreased to 7–8 g/Wp in 2010 (MIIT, 2012). The total electricity consumption to …
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Overview: Photovoltaic Solar Cells, Science, Materials, Artificial ...
The unique properties of these OIHP materials and their rapid advance in solar cell performance is facillitating their integration into a broad range of practical applications including building-integrated photovoltaics, tandem solar cells, energy storage systems, integration with batteries/supercapacitors, photovoltaic driven catalysis and space applications …
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Siemens and Siemens-like Processes for Producing Photovoltaics: …
Advancement in production of silicon using Siemens and Siemens-like processes for solar cells is reviewed. The legacy of recently built Siemens plants will be with us for 15 years or more, but …
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Silane or Siloxane‐Side‐Chain Engineering of Photovoltaic …
As hybrid side chains, silane and siloxane side chains have considerable effects, not only in increasing the carrier mobility and tuning the energy level, but also in …
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(PDF) Life Cycle Analysis of Silane Recycling in Amorphous Silicon ...
For entire production process of raw silane, 1,146 MJ are used to create one kilogram. This means that the amount of energy to recycle silane in an a-Si:H PV plant is only 35.7% and in a tandem a-Si:H/μc-Si:H PV plant is even less at 34.6% of what it takes to create raw silane, as shown in Figure 2. 5 Cumulative Energy Demand (MJ/kg usable ...
Learn More
Siemens and Siemens-like Processes for Producing Photovoltaics…
Advancement in production of silicon using Siemens and Siemens-like processes for solar cells is reviewed. The legacy of recently built Siemens plants will be with us for 15 years or more, but recent developments with Siemens-like processes involving the decomposition of silane are expected to supersede the older
Learn More
Life cycle analysis of silane recycling in amorphous silicon-based ...
The analysis of the cumulative energy demand results in the recycled silane mixture for an a-Si:H PV facility and a tandem a-Si:H/μc-Si:H PV facility having an impact of …
Learn More
Silane or Siloxane‐Side‐Chain Engineering of Photovoltaic …
As hybrid side chains, silane and siloxane side chains have considerable effects, not only in increasing the carrier mobility and tuning the energy level, but also in affecting the crystallinity and molecular orientation. In this review, the latest developments in photovoltaic materials based on silane and siloxane side chains are presented to ...
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Life cycle analysis of silane recycling in amorphous silicon-based ...
The analysis of the cumulative energy demand results in the recycled silane mixture for an a-Si:H PV facility and a tandem a-Si:H/μc-Si:H PV facility having an impact of 409 and 397 MJ per kg of usable silane, respectively. For entire production process of raw silane, …
Learn More
Life cycle analysis of silane recycling in amorphous silicon-based ...
recycling process reduces the cost of raw silane by 68 percent, or approximately $22.6 million per year for a 1 GW a-Si:H-based PV production facility and over $79 million per year for tandem …
Learn More
(PDF) Life Cycle Analysis of Silane Recycling in Amorphous Silicon ...
Using a recycling process that results in a silane loss of only 17% instead of conventional processing that loses 85% silane, results in an energy savings of 81,700 GJ and prevents 4400 tons of...
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Advancements in Photovoltaic Cell Materials: Silicon, Organic, …
The evolution of photovoltaic cells is intrinsically linked to advancements in the materials from which they are fabricated. This review paper provides an in-depth analysis of the latest ...
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