Puncture Damage Another major cause of battery fires is puncture damage. When a battery cell is punctured, it leads to an internal short circuit between the cathode and anode, generating intense heat. This heat can cause the electrolyte to ignite, especially when exposed to the oxygen entering through the puncture.
"Anecdotally, it appears a disproportionate number of fires are created by low-quality batteries that do not have the appropriate certification or quality control, thus the increased propensity to fail resulting in thermal runaway," says Gallagher Bassett's Technical Services' Peter Simon.
The onset and intensification of lithium-ion battery fires can be traced to multiple causes, including user behaviour such as improper charging or physical damage. Then there are even larger batteries, such as Megapacks, which are what recently caught fire at Bouldercombe. Megapacks are large lithium-based batteries, designed by Tesla.
One of the biggest components of an EV is the battery pack, with fires behaving according to battery size, chemistry, and state of charge, among other factors. Lithium battery packs directly caused nearly 24% of all EV fires, and EV battery fires can reach up to 4,900°F (2,700°C) (Lindner 2024).
Due to the self-sustaining process of thermal runaway, Lithium-ion battery fires are also difficult to quell. Bigger batteries such as those used in electric vehicles may reignite hours or even days after the event, even after being cooled. Source: Firechief® Global
When a lithium-ion battery fire breaks out, the damage can be extensive. These fires are not only intense, they are also long-lasting and potentially toxic. What causes these fires? Most electric vehicles humming along Australian roads are packed with lithium-ion batteries.
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