In the presence of sunlight (hυ), the encapsulant produces photoproducts (Grossetête et al., 2000), and interaction of the photoproducts with moisture can lead to the formation of carboxylic acids (Oreski et al., 2017). Moisture and the carboxylic acids diffuse into the PV module and initiate various degradation processes (Kumar et al., 2019).
Once water comes into the PV module, the accumulated moisture within the module in the presence of other climatic stressors can lead to all forms of degradation modes in PV module’s components and other packaging materials (Ballif et al., 2014, Kudriavtsev et al., 2019, Wohlgemuth and Kempe, 2013).
Moisture in EVA encapsulant can lead to metal grids corrosion, delamination and discolouration of encapsulants, potential induced degradation, optical and adhesion losses. The present work is a review of literature on the causes, effects, detection, and mitigation techniques of moisture ingress in PV modules.
4.1. Predicting moisture ingress in polymeric materials EVA is the most common encapsulant used in crystalline silicon solar modules currently, and several methods have been employed in order to understand and predict the moisture barrier characteristics of PV module encapsulants and backsheets.
According to Wisniewski et al. (2019), the material properties that determine the suitability of a polymeric material for encapsulants for PV applications are the permeability, mass concentration, solubility, and diffusivity of water through and within the EVA.
WVTR tests, gravimetric, and immersion methods are used to determine the diffusivity, solubility, permeability, and moisture concentration of polymeric components of PV modules. These parameters together with climatic data can be used in FEM models to predict the moisture barrier properties of PV encapsulation materials.
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