Mixtures of water and ethylene glycol are common coolants. Normally, the coolant flows along channels of pipes or cooling plates, carrying the rejected heat out of the battery pack [95, 96]. Based on the cooling channels’ position relative to the batteries, indirect cooling systems can be divided into bottom cooling and side cooling .
Choosing a proper cooling method for a lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery pack for electric drive vehicles (EDVs) and making an optimal cooling control strategy to keep the temperature at a optimal range of 15 °C to 35 °C is essential to increasing safety, extending the pack service life, and reducing costs.
Heat pipe cooling for Li-ion battery pack is limited by gravity, weight and passive control . Currently, air cooling, liquid cooling, and fin cooling are the most popular methods in EDV applications. Some HEV battery packs, such as those in the Toyota Prius and Honda Insight, still use air cooling.
Therefore, the current lithium-ion battery thermal management technology that combines multiple cooling systems is the main development direction. Suitable cooling methods can be selected and combined based on the advantages and disadvantages of different cooling technologies to meet the thermal management needs of different users. 1. Introduction
The liquid-filled battery cooling system is suitable for low ambient temperature conditions and when the battery operates at a moderate discharge rate (2C). Whereas, the battery can operate at higher discharge rates with the maximum temperature maintained within safe limits using a liquid-circulated battery cooling system.
As an overview of future cooling systems, it is expected that, modified combined cooling systems will provide a promising solutions. Utilizing nanofluids as a coolant will play a significant role when liquid cooling systems are adopted for Li-ion battery cooling.
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Li et al. conducted three-dimensional thermal simulations to investigate the cooling performance of a 54 V Li-ion battery pack with indirect liquid cooling and direct liquid cooling under rapid discharge conditions. The indirect liquid cooling results in a maximum temperature over 100 °C and a temperature difference of 28 °C under a 10C ...
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suitable battery box cooling system for lithium batteries for improving the energy e ... and the cooling fan air volume was obtained using the following equation: CFM = Q P. c p × ρ × ∆ T (3 ...
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This paper considers four cell-cooling methods: air cooling, direct liquid cooling, indirect liquid cooling, and fin cooling. To evaluate their effectiveness, these methods are assessed using a typical large capacity Li-ion pouch cell designed for EDVs from the perspective of coolant parasitic power consumption, maximum temperature rise ...
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In this review, battery thermal management methods including: air cooling, indirect liquid cooling, tab cooling, phase change materials and immersion cooling, have been reviewed. Immersion cooling with dielectric fluids is one of the most promising methods due to direct fluid contact with all cell surfaces and high specific heat capacity, which ...
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Generally, as shown in Fig. 4, the following comprise a battery pack cooling loop: a battery pack, a fan/pump, a heat exchanger, and coolant pipes [36]. In this paper, the volume for different cooling methods is assumed to be the same – that is, the gap between two cells used for cooling in different cooling methods is the same.
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For exploring the impacts of inlet water flow rate, cooling tube number and length, spacing between cooling tubes, and direction of the fluid flow on the thermal performance of the battery module at a discharge rate of 4C, they followed some design rules: utilize a fan on the front side of the battery pack for cooling the inlet air and utilized ...
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