The investment cost of energy storage system is taken as the inner objective function, the charge and discharge strategy of the energy storage system and augmentation are the optimal variables. Finally, the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed model and method are verified through case simulations.
Flowchart of energy management strategy of the studied microgrid. This study aims to analyse the behaviour of the system and to determine the energy flow and contribution of each component of the system. The system was analysed during 2 days under different conditions, with and without EV connection.
The PV module is a set of solar cells connected in series and parallel, which have the ability to convert solar irradiation into direct current through the PV phenomenon. The power produced by the solar PV system depends on the solar irradiation and the ambient temperature and can be estimated using Equation (3) [ 78] as follows:
These results indicate that the photovoltaic system covers 62% of the load, while 34% of the required energy is covered by batteries. Wind turbines contribute approximately 1%, while the diesel generator covers only 3% of the load, in scenario one.
The mean for SPV, MHP and cost for non-storage is about 11.7 kW, 33.9 kW and 100 360 USD with a standard deviation of 2.5 kW, 0.48 kW and 5894.7 USD, respectively. Load sharing by Micro-hydro power and Solar PV in a typical week of dry season. The negative of power in Electronic load controller (ELC) shows the outages in the system.
The energy generated by the PV system (2.4 kWp) over its lifetime and the emissions emitted are estimated at 5597.65 kWh and 4.17 tons, respectively. Cumulative feed-in energy and energy consumption. Fig. 19 indicates the AC voltage, frequency and reference voltage ( Vref) of the inverter.
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