The RT 44 HC has been suggested as an optimal phase change material for battery thermal management, since its melting point is within the battery temperature range and uses latent heat to store thermal energy. In contrast, beeswax phase change material can only use its sensible heat within the battery′s operating temperature range .
The maximum temperatures of the battery for no-cooling, phase change material cooling, and phase change material with jute fiber cooling are 47.27 °C, 41.06 °C, and 36.29 °C, respectively . Fan et al. proposed a new method of battery thermal management by combining phase change material and multistage Tesla valve liquid cooling.
The increase in operating temperature also requires a more optimized battery design to tackle the possible thermal runaway problem, for example, the aqueous–solid–nonaqueous hybrid electrolyte. 132 On the cathode side, the formation of LiOH will eliminate the attack of superoxide on electrodes and the blocking of Li 2 O 2.
When ambient temperatures are set at -20°C and -30°C (case 26 and 28 in Table 1), compared to single cells (case 27 and 29 in Table 1), maximum temperatures of the battery packs increase by 6°C, 14.3°C, and maximum temperature differences decrease by 3 °C, 2.6°C in 5700 seconds correspondingly (shown in Figs. 22 and 23).
The pure phase change material cooling could not prevent the thermal abuse of battery cells under nail penetration however, the phase change material integrated with microchannel cooling maintains the operating temperature of battery module within 317 K.
In addition, the phase change material with liquid cooling restricts the maximum temperature and temperature uniformity of battery module at 50 °C and 3.4 °C, respectively, under continuous test cycles .
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