Two of the oldest batteries are in fact secondary batteries called the Lead – Acid Batteries, which were developed in late 1850’s and Nickel – Cadmium Batteries, which were developed in early 1900’s. Until recent times, there are only two types of secondary batteries.
Primary batteries come in three major chemistries: (1) zinc–carbon and (2) alkaline zinc–manganese, and (3) lithium (or lithium-metal) battery. Zinc–carbon batteries is among the earliest commercially available primary cells. It is composed of a solid, high-purity zinc anode (99.99%).
Lithium-ion batteries are one of the most popular types of rechargeable batteries. There are many different types of Lithium batteries, but among all the lithium-ion batteries are the most commonly used. You can find these lithium batteries being used in different forms popularly among electric vehicles and other portable gadgets.
Majority of the primary batteries that are used in domestic applications are single cell type and usually come in cylindrical configuration (although, it is very easy to produce them in different shapes and sizes). Up until the 1970’s, Zinc anode-based batteries were the predominant primary battery types.
They are the Nickel – Metal Hydride Battery and the Lithium – Ion Battery. Of these two, the lithium – ion battery came out to be a game changer and became commercially superior with its high specific energy and energy density figures (150 Wh / kg and 400 Wh / L). There are some other types of Secondary Batteries but the four major types are:
Lithium batteries are manufactured as button and coin cell for a specific range of applications (like watches, memory backup, etc.) while larger cylindrical type batteries are also available. The following table shows different types of primary batteries along with their characteristics and applications.
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