The key requirements to construct highly foldable solar cells, including structure design based on tuning the neutral axis plane, and adopting flexible alternatives including substrates, transparent electrodes and absorbers, are intensively discussed.
However, in contrast to mild bending with curvature radius of several millimeters, folding generates the crease with extreme curvature radius of sub-millimeter, resulting in the appearance of large strain and stress. As a result, it is highly challenging to realize robustly foldable and highly efficient solar cells.
When the solar modules subjected to folding, the Jsc started to decrease and gradually saturated at around 4 mA cm -2 after 10 cycles of folding/unfolding, while the Voc almost remained constant throughout 40 times folding/unfolding, as shown in Figure 3D. Foldable solar cells with crease in the predesigned place.
Key points for achieving highly foldable solar cells Compared to the normal bendable solar cells which can endure flexion with a smooth curve with radius of several millimeters, foldable solar cells can tolerate the crease at the edge with a curvature radius of sub-millimeter.
For the solar cells with multilayers, the folding induced crack and delamination may firstly occur in active layer or interface, depending on the stress distribution in the device during folding, the crack onset stress of each functional layers, as well as the bonding at the interface.
As a result, cracks will be formed in the functional layers or delamination will be occurred at the interface as soon as the strain exceeds the crack onset strain, leading to the degradation or even failure of the solar cells under repeated folding. Therefore, it is highly challenging to realize robustly foldable solar cells.
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