Table 1. Faults performance of the battery system and interrelationships. Mechanical deformation, Over-charge/Over-discharge fault, induction of active materials, thermal fault. It is often accompanied by discharge and exothermic, and the main fault activates BTR. Connection fault, mechanical deformation, aging fault, water immersion.
Faults can also be classified by performance: overcharge, battery thermal runaway, dendritic lithium, current-collector dissolution, and gas evolution . Tran et al. categorize faults into internal and external types, including internal short circuits (ISC), external short circuits (ESC), and over-charge/over-discharge faults .
Among battery thermal faults, the most common fault is excessive temperature, which can cause significant damage to the battery unit and the entire system. Thermal faults in battery systems, their consequences, and suggested remedies are outlined in Table 4.
Battery faults are primarily indicated by changes in voltage, current, temperature, SOC, and structural deformation stress. Signal processing techniques are employed for pattern recognition to monitor the battery system's state. Fig. 14. Battery faults evolution process and the link between fault mechanisms and diagnostic methods. 3.1.
They analyze the mechanisms of battery faults, classifying them into mechanical, electrical, thermal, inconsistency, and aging faults, and use model-based, data-driven, and knowledge-based methods for fault diagnosis. Battery faults are primarily indicated by changes in voltage, current, temperature, SOC, and structural deformation stress.
The result is grid wires become exposed to accelerated corrosive activity during charge. And over time, these conditions cause the battery to fail. In an acid stratified battery, shedding, corrosion, and sulphation happen much faster at the bottom of the plate, leading to earlier battery failure.
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