The features and the performance of each preheating method are reviewed. The imposing challenges and gaps between research and application are identified. Preheating batteries in electric vehicles under cold weather conditions is one of the key measures to improve the performance and lifetime of lithium-ion batteries.
However, the uneven distribution of temperature inside the battery can lead to degradation of electrode materials, thereby reducing the battery's lifetime . The methods identified from the literature are summarized in Table 1. Air preheating has been chosen as the baseline because it is the most commonly used and mature.
At low temperatures, due to the low ionic conductivity of the electrolyte, the high charge transfer resistance of the graphite and cathode, the performance of the lithium-ion battery deteriorates [6, 10].
Increasing the air temperature can also result in a large temperature difference inside the battery, which can cause disequilibrium of electric chemical reaction in the battery, damage battery's inner construction and decrease battery's lifetime. In addition, the serial ventilation blast volumes had an impact on preheating performance .
Miniaturized and compact devices have the potential to be used in EVs. Narayanan et al. designed an adsorption-based thermal battery (ATB) which aims to provide both heating and cooling for vehicles, as shown in Fig. 20 . In the design, the adsorbent is NaX zeolite and the refrigerant is water.
The RTR of the system can be increased by increasing the amplitude of the electrical current passing through the Peltier element. Since this method can achieve accurate control of temperature efficiently , it has been applied in SAM EVII EVs for battery preheating .
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