The system is a solar-fed battery charging system with a boost converter, backup battery, bidirectional converter, and buck converter to charge EV batteries. The system proposed by the authors is shown in Figure 10. The authors have chosen a 36 V, 28 Ah lead-acid battery for simulation.
Since solar panels can be integrated with vehicles, solar PV is an attractive option as a source to charge EVs. Nasr et al. have comprehensively reviewed solar PV based converters for EV battery charging. Several non-isolated converters suitable for EV battery charging have been reviewed, along with gird integrated converters.
The PV system charges the battery via the HFT in the second mode. In the third mode, the battery transfers energy to the grid through the inverter; in the fourth mode, the grid is used to charge the battery. The authors have considered the switching frequency of 20 kHz for the ZSI and 40 kHz for the half-bridge converter.
Suitability for EV Battery Charging The isolated converters described in Section 5.1 and Section 5.2 are converters where the energy transfer from the primary side to the secondary side depends on the energy stored in the magnetizing inductance ( ) of the transformer during one-half of the switching cycle.
A bidirectional converter connects the station battery with the DC grid, facilitating charging and discharging based on the requirement. The station battery will support the charging whenever the solar PV supplies low power (lower than the EV requirement). The station battery will be charged when the solar power is in excess.
In addition, a battery charge-discharge management system has been proposed to maintain the battery voltage. The authors have validated the system by charging two 12 V batteries from 17 to 24 V input. The experiment for N = 1, 2, 3, and 4 sets have been provided.
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