This review investigates various synthesis methods for LiFePO 4 (LFP) as a cathode material for lithium-ion batteries, highlighting its advantages over Co and Ni due to lower toxicity and cost.
These powders are further processed through ball-milling and spray drying after being annealed to remove impurities and tested for element content. 81 Following the initial pretreatment, active materials in spent LiFePO 4 batteries are separated using chemical and physical methods like thermal treatment, alkaline leaching, or organic solvent.
The process maintains the olivine crystal structure of the raw material, as shown in Figure 7c, and the resulting Li 2 CO 3 product is of high purity (>99 %). In addition to sodium persulfate, another used and effective oxidant for handling spent LiFePO 4 batteries is H 2 O 2.
Evolution of LFP Technologies LiFePO 4 was first discovered in 1950 by Destenay 1 in the minerals triphylite and lithiophilite, where the Li orthophosphates of divalent Fe and Mn formed a solid solution series isomorphous with olivine.
As confirmed by three-dimensional X-ray diffraction, the crystal structure of LiMPO 4 (M = Mn, Fe, Co) belongs to the space group D-Pnma (Z = 4), where the transition-metal ions occupy the mirror symmetry sites. In the 1960s, the research focused on the anisotropy in magnetic properties and electronic structures of single-crystal LiFePO 4.
Recycling of LiFePO 4 batteries involves three main approaches: recovering valuable metals, regenerating and utilizing LiFePO 4, and preparing lithium ferrite. 82 The recycling and repair processes for spent LFP. Copyright 2019 Elsevier. Reproduced with permission from reference. 81
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