With the local content requirements under the IRA and the latest tariff hikes, the US has dealt a double blow to lithium-ion battery imports from mainland China, but it still relies on mainland China directly and indirectly for a range of minerals, including cobalt, graphite and lithium.
Among these, li-ion battery imports from China amounted to $13.2 billion, representing a 42.2% year-on-year increase and accounting for over 70% of the total. In recent years, the U.S. government implemented a series of measures to support the development of domestic new energy supply chains.
The majority of battery demand for EVs today can be met with domestic or regional production in China, Europe and the United States. However, the share of imports remains relatively large in Europe and the United States, meeting more than 20% and more than 30% of EV battery demand, respectively.
Poland, Japan and Germany each accounted for between 1% and 2% of U.S. lithium-ion battery imports in the 2022 fourth quarter. Panjiva is the supply chain research unit of S&P Global Market Intelligence, a division of S&P Global Inc.
In 2021, the United States was the top destination for China’s li-ion battery exports, and in 2023, China exported li-ion batteries worth a staggering $13.5 billion to the US, marking a 40.1% year-on-year increase and tripling the 2021 export value.
Germany leads the production of EVs in Europe and accounted for nearly 50% of European EV production in 2023, followed by France and Spain (with just under 10% each). Battery production in China is more integrated than in the United States or Europe, given China’s leading role in upstream stages of the supply chain.
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