Battery manufacturers concentrate a lot of effort in preventing thermal runaway from occurring, but – despite all safety measures – it may still happen. When it does, an active fire protection system is needed to extinguish any resulting fires and prevent the fire damage from spreading to adjacent battery modules.
Battery systems, modules and cells must be protected against external (electrical) fires. Possible measures: Fire alarm system with automatic extinguishing system for electrical risks. The extinguishing agent should ensure zero residue to the protection of the installation.
Therefore, it is first of all necessary to protect the storage systems from an external fire event in order to prevent cell breakdown processes initiated due to external combustion heat. First and foremost, every litium-ion battery energy storage poses an electrical fire risk.
However, these systems may be used in the computer or control rooms of an ESS to control any electrical fires. Thermal runaway in lithium batteries results in an uncontrollable rise in temperature and propagation of extreme fire hazards within a battery energy storage system (BESS).
Evidence has shown that the key to successful fire protection of lithium-ion batteries is suppressing/extinguishing the fire, reducing of heat-transfer from cell to cell and then cooling the adjacent cells that make up the battery pack/module.
Provision of suitable compartmentation around the battery packs to limit the spread of any fire, this is probably much simpler in marine applications. Suitable Battery Management Systems linked to fire and gas detection systems to enable fast detection to allow for activation of fire protection systems and evacuation of passengers where applicable.
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This Euralarm guidance paper provides information on the issues related to the use of Lithium-Ion batteries, how fires start in batteries and on how they may be detected, controlled, suppressed and extinguished. It also provides guidance on post fire management. Excluded from the scope are explosion and ventilation issues. This paper is ...
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UL 9540A, a subset of this standard, specifically deals with thermal runaway fire propagation in battery energy storage systems. The NFPA 855 standard, developed by the National Fire Protection Association, provides detailed guidelines for the installation of stationary energy storage systems to mitigate the associated hazards.
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