In their studies, the battery is first charged at certain SOCs using a current with an amplitude of 0.2C. Further, the impedance measurements taken 10 s, 15, 30, and 120 min of the relaxation periods after the SOC adjustment are shown in Fig. 7 (a). Hosen et al. investigate the impedance characteristics of different types of batteries.
The impedance characteristics are analyzed using the Gaussian process regression (GPR) model to identify the spectral patterns that indicate battery degeneration. It is discovered that the impedance responses at the frequencies of 17.80 and 2.16 Hz possess the greatest predictor weight.
The monitoring of battery states and failure identification are indispensable for guaranteeing the secure and optimal functionality of the batteries. The impedance spectrum has garnered growing interest due to its ability to provide a valuable understanding of material characteristics and electrochemical processes.
The electrochemical interface applies a constant voltage (CV) or constant current (CC) and the FRA superimposes an ac signal. A multiplexer connects the FRA to the battery test system. A typical setup is shown in Fig. 1. The battery is connected using four wires — two for current flow and two for cell potential.
Zappen et al. introduce a multisine method that offers exceptional time resolution for determining battery impedance ranging from 1 Hz to 1 kHz. Christophersen et al. compose a harmonic-compensated multisine signal for the fast measurement of broadband battery impedance.
Models are used in the form of equivalent electrical circuits, comprised of resistance, R, and capacitance, C, elements, together with constant phase elements, CPE, to represent departures from ideality, with the objective of assigning these to different physical processes and components within the battery.
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