The temperature at which batteries operate varies based on the type of battery being used. Lithium-ion batteries, for example, may be charged and discharged at temperatures ranging from 32°F to 113°F (however if you operate at such high-temperature levels you do run into the problems mentioned earlier).
Temperatures below the nominal 25ºC (77ºF) reduce the battery's effective capacity and lengthen the time to restore the battery to full charge. Temperatures above 25ºC (77ºF) will slightly increase capacity, but also will increase self-discharge and shorten battery life. Major problems occur at temperature extremes.
The standard rating for batteries is at room temperature (25°C/77°F). At approximately -22°F (-27°C), battery capacity drops by 50%. At freezing capacity, it is reduced by 20%. Capacity is increased at higher temperatures. At 122°F, a battery's capacity will be increased by about 10-15%.
Extreme temperatures, whether very hot or cold, can significantly affect lithium-ion batteries. For instance, extremely low temperatures can lead to a process called lithium plating. When a lithium-ion battery is exposed to cold temperatures, the electrolyte inside the battery can become less mobile and more viscous.
At –20°C (–4°F) most batteries are at about 50 percent performance level. Although NiCd can go down to –40°C (–40°F), the permissible discharge is only 0.2C (5-hour rate). Specialty Li-ion can operate to a temperature of –40°C but only at a reduced discharge rate; charging at this temperature is out of the question.
A large insulated battery bank may vary as little as 10° over 24 hours internally, even though the air temperature varies from 20° to 70°. In these circumstances, external thermocouples attached and insulated to one of the positive terminals are a good idea.
How Operating Temperature Affects Lithium-Ion Batteries
Extreme temperatures, whether very hot or cold, can significantly affect lithium-ion batteries. For instance, extremely low temperatures can lead to a process called lithium plating. When a lithium-ion battery is exposed to cold temperatures, the electrolyte inside the battery can become less mobile and more viscous.
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