As can be seen in Table 3, for the power type and application time scale of energy storage, the current application of energy storage in the power grid mainly focuses on power frequency active regulation, especially in rapid frequency regulation, peak shaving and valley filling, and new energy grid-connected operation.
Secondly, optimization planning and the benefit evaluation methods of energy storage technology in different application fields, including the power grid, users, and new energy, are analyzed. The advantages and shortcomings of the current research in the field are also pointed out.
In the energy storage planning model, a bi-level planning model that combines planning and operation should be used to consider numerous factors such as new energy output uncertainty, economy, environmental protection, and technology.
These studies have demonstrated the benefits of sharing energy storage systems by leveraging the complementarity of residential users and economies of scale. However, most existing studies assume that the capacities of RESs connected to the SES station are pre-known.
Energy storage equipment can realize the input and output regulation of electric energy at different time scales, which can effectively improve the operating characteristics of the system and meet the power and energy balance requirements of a smart grid. The application of different energy storage technologies in power systems is also different.
For integrating energy storage systems into a smart grid, the distributed control methods of ESS are also of vital importance. The study by [ 12] proposed a hierarchical approach for modeling and optimizing power loss in distributed energy storage systems in DC microgrids, aiming to reduce the losses in DC microgrids.
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