Figure 3.1: Schematic of a flat plate solar collector with liquid transport medium. The solar radiation is absorbed by the black plate and transfers heat to the fluid in the tubes. The thermal insulation prevents heat loss during fluid transfer; the screens reduce the heat loss due to convection and radiation to the atmosphere
For well-insulated collectors or concentrating collectors the stagnation temperature can reach very high levels causing fluid boiling and, in the case of concentrating collectors, the absorber surface can melt. A way to describe the thermal performance of a Flat Plate Solar collector has been shown.
The insulation is placed at the back and sides of the collector. To ensure a good heat transfer to the working fluid, a frame of the tubes is attached to the absorber surface. These types of solar collectors are suitable for low to medium temperature applications and the efficiency range is 40% to 60%.
Due to complications in numerical methods, authors developed an analytical model to simulate the thermal behaviour of flat plate solar collector operating in forced convection. A solution for energy equation was developed for a fluid flow inside the collector, based on the Green's function method.
Therefore, the ratio of energy gained by the working fluid in the absorber tube to the energy hitting the solar collector describes the collector’s efficiency. The typical efficiencies of flat plate solar collectors range between 40% and 80%, depending on the design, materials, operating conditions and geographic location.
Work of Hottel and Woertz in 1942 and by Hottel and Whiller in 1958 can be looked as a first work on solar flat plate collector. They had developed the collectors consisting of a black flat plate absorber, a transparent cover, heat transfer fluid and an insulating case.
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