Firstly, our study utilizes a detailed life-cycle assessment (LCA) to compute the Product Environmental Footprint (PEF) of power batteries. This LCA approach considers each phase of the battery's lifecycle - from raw material extraction, through manufacturing, usage, and recycling, to final disposal.
Compared with the voluntary standards that have been used to verify the social and environmental performance of mining and battery manufacturers (MacInnes et al., 2017; Sauer, 2021), the regulations provide strong mechanisms for governing reporting, verification, and compliance.
The environmental impact of power batteries is measured following the standard method proposed by Liu et al. (2016). This method takes into account the environmental footprint of battery production, usage, recycling, and remanufacturing. The production process’s PEF, involving the use of raw materials, is denoted as E p.
For reducing combined environmental impacts, low scrap rates and recycling are vital. Providing a balanced economic and environmental look for the battery industry will, as for other industries, become more crucial as legislation and society demand measures to make the global economy more sustainable.
Dong and Ge (2022) proposed a framework that integrates government incentives and recycling technologies as a means to promote power battery recycling. In a comprehensive analysis, Xia and Li (2022) investigated energy consumption and environmental impact throughout the entire lifecycle of power batteries.
The European Commission proposed to increase the transparency and traceability of batteries throughout the entire cycle life by using new IT technologies, such as Battery Passport. The relatively immature technology, and limited investment and profit are several other challenges of the LIB recycling.
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